This publication usesa colorimetric method based on the absorbance spectra of dye solutionsto improve on Beer’s law when calculating the dye concentrations of a three-component mixture.The performance of the new method is compared with that of Beer’s law evaluated at three wavelengths, and Beer’s law evaluated at 16 wavelengths. Colorimetric method gives the best prediction of dye concentrations: the average relative errors in its predictions of the blue, red, and yellow concentrations are 55.64%, 12.3% and 14.84% respectively for new test solutions. Its average ternary relative error is 11.68% which is comparable to 14.31% for Beer’s law at three wavelengths.

Background: The exorbitant cost of wheat-based foods in non-wheat growing countries has necessitated looking for more enriched and sustainable alternative flour from botanicals that can be mixed and used to produce baked products including biscuits. The study aimed to make biscuits using three different fermented and unfermented mixtures of flour (sweet potato, pigeon pea, and yellow maize). Methods: Starch-rich tubers of yellow-fleshed cultivar of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), yellow maize (Zea mays) grains, and pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) seeds were purchased from food merchants in the Uchi market, located in Auchi area of Edo State, southern Nigeria in June 2022. These botanical samples were taxonomically validated. The samples were divided into two parts fermented and unfermented, prepared and produced into flour forms. The blended raw materials into flour were mixed in order of sweet potato: pigeon pea: maize (composite mix two 60.00:25.47:14.53, composite mix five 67.70:20.00:12.31 and composite mix eight 61.72:25.24:13.04) were selected to produce biscuits while 100% wheat was used as control. Biscuits were produced from the flour using a standard recipe. The obtained results were presented in mean±SD format of interpretations. Analytical significance dissimilarity between the means samples were considered based on one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using IBM Statistical software. Results: It revealed that fermentation increased techno-functional properties containing crude fiber (3.464±0.01-3.485±0.01) and ashes (3.688±0.11-3.711±0.11), while reducing fat (17.339±0.03) and moisture contents (3.639±0.05), the control had the highest protein (12.805±0.25) and lowest carbohydrate (55.622±0.12). The fermented biscuits had more flavonoids (23.162±0.36-23.852±0.60), saponins (14.793±0.07-23.495±0.03). Additionally, fermentation enhanced the potassium bioavailability of the products (19.803±0.00-25.264±0.05). There was high free radical scavenging activity and color for all the fermented samples than unfermented and controlled biscuits. Conclusion: According to the research, ternary flour mixes from the botanicals could lead to products with improved nutritional composition, functional properties, and antioxidant attributes to further improve biscuit quality. DOI: 10.18502/jfqhc.11.1.14992

In this study a simple and general chemical association theory is introduced.The concept of infinite equilibrium model is re-examined and true mole fractions of associated species are calculated. The theory is applied to derive the distribution function of associated species. As a severe test the application of presented theory to the van der Waals mixture model is introduced in order to perform Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) calculations of aqueous ternary mixtures.The calculations are shown to be consistently improving the prediction over the non-associating case. Also, well known empirical models of NRTL and UNIQUAC are applied on the studied systems and their results are compared with proposed model.

In this study, an Eulerian-Eulerian multi-fluid model (MFM) was used to simulate the segregation pattern of a conical fluidized bed containing ternary mixtures of equidensity TiO2 particles. Experimental 'freeze– sieving' method was employed to determine the axial mass fraction profiles of the different-sized particles and validate the simulation results. The profiles of mass fraction for large-, medium-, and small-sized particles along the bed height during the simulation time indicated that the particles’ segregation could be predicted by CFD model. Effect of superficial gas velocity on segregation pattern was also investigated. It was shown that for U0=1. 2Umf, partial segregation of large particles occurred, while for U0=1. 6Umf, small-and medium-sized particles also segregated and full segregation was achieved. By increasing U0 to 2Umf, mixing of different sized particles increased and particles segregation reduced. Therefore, it can be concluded that there was a critical velocity below which particles would segregate while above which their mixing increased.

Despite distillation's popularity in the industry, it is highly energy-intensive. Heat integration is, therefore essential considering the recent energy crisis. This paper presents thermal coupling as an approach for separating the ternary mixture of n-pentane, n-hexane, and n-heptane. In this method, the first column supplies vapor to the second column while its reboiler is removed. The thermal coupling method is evaluated using two classical arrangements, direct and indirect with and without heat integration. Simulation of separation processes is carried out using Aspen HYSYS, and distillation columns are simulated using the rigorous solving method rather than the shortcut method. The simulation results are compared to those obtained using the shortcut method (minimum produced steam). Furthermore, exergy analysis is used for assessing processes in addition to energy analysis. It has been demonstrated that direct sequence provides better results than indirect sequence. Moreover, direct-thermal coupling is considered the most efficient process among the four investigated processes. It has been concluded that compared to the indirect process without heat integration, the direct-thermal coupling sequence can reduce energy consumption and exergy loss by 69% and 55%, respectively, as well as improve exergy efficiency by 9%.

This paper proposes the least-squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) as an intelligent method applied on absorption spectra for the simultaneous determination of paracetamol (PCT), caffeine (CAF), and ibuprofen (IB) in Novafen. The signal to noise ratio (S/N) increased. Also, In the LS-SVM model, Kernel parameter (𝜎 2) and capacity factor (C) were optimized. Excellent prediction was shown using LS-SVM, with lower root mean square error (RMSE) and relative standard deviation (RSD). In addition, Regression coefficient (R2), correlation coefficient (r), and mean recovery (%) of this method obtained for PCT, CAF, and IB. LS-SVM / spectrophotometry method is reliable for simultaneous quantitative analysis of components in commercial samples. The results obtained from analyzing the real sample by the proposed method compared to the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as a reference method. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test at 95% confidence level used and results showed that there was no significant difference between suggested and reference methods.

hypothesis: Phase-change materials (PCMs) are utilized in energy conservation systems due to their outstanding merits including high energy storage capacity and small temperature variation in the phase transition interval. Fatty acids are the preferable kind of organic PCMs due to their features such as high latent heat capacity, environmental friendly, chemical resistance and non-corrosive properties. For practical applications, fatty acid PCM suffers from leakage during frequent storage/ retrieval process. This flaw can be mitigated by encapsulation of PCM in a micro/ nano-sized supporting matrix. Although PCM encapsulation can be accomplished in various ways, the polymeric holding structures are efficient methods. Electrospinning is a novel flexible technique which facilitates the fabrication of ultrafine polymeric fibers in large scale and wide range of diameters. Methods: Electrospinning of ternary eutectic fatty acid mixture was carried out to fabricate nanofibers with appropriate thermal properties. The phase-change materials (PCMs) used including capric acid (CA), palmitic acid (PA), lauric acid (LA) and their ternary eutectics were supported by polymeric matrix of polylactic acid (PLA) in production of nanofibers through the electrospinning technique. Findings: The fabricated composites have undergone various characterization tests including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to study their chemical, morphological and thermal properties. The FTIR analyses showed that no chemical reaction occurred by composite constituents. The SEM analysis showed that the fibers were formed smoothly and without beads. In addition, the formation of hydrogen bond between PLA and ternary eutectic fatty acid mixture (C-L-P) showed the capability to encapsulate PCMs into the PLA polymer matrix. It was also observed that the composite fibers have an appropriate phase transition temperature range of about 12˚ C and are suitable fibers which contain PCM having capability in energy storage/retrieval systems (e. g. textiles) to operate at low temperatures.

Density, viscosity, and refractive index measurements were performed for a ternary mixture of trichloroethene + ethanoic acid + N, Ndimethylformamide and their binary mixtures in the whole composition range. Density data were obtained within the temperature range 293. 15-303. 15 K and viscosity and refractive index data were measured at 298. 15 K. Excess molar volumes, viscosity deviations, and refractive index deviations were calculated from the experimental data. The E m V values for the ternary mixture and also for the two binary mixtures of trichloroethene (1) + N, N-dimethylformamide (3), and ethanoic acid (2) + N, N-dimethylformamide (3) were negative and became more negative by increasing the temperature. For the trichloroethene (1) + ethanoic acid (2) mixture, the values were positive and became more positive with rising temperature. An inverse trend was observed for viscosity deviations of the mixtures. The refractive index deviations were positive for all the mixtures. The experimental data for the binary and ternary mixtures were correlated with Redlich-Kister, and Cibulka equations, respectively.